Troop Pharmacy > Blog > Allergies
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Skin Infections

PREAMBLE:
The skin, the body’s largest organ, plays a crucial role in safeguarding us from external threats, regulating our temperature, and enabling sensory experiences. Composed of various layers, including the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, it acts as a protective barrier against harmful microorganisms and environmental factors. Furthermore, it houses sensory receptors that allow us to sense touch, pain, and temperature. Additionally, the skin contributes to vitamin D synthesis and serves as a canvas for expressing individuality through its unique characteristics, colors, textures, and markings. A comprehensive understanding of the skin’s complexity and functions is vital for maintaining overall health and well-being.

Skin infections, also referred to as dermatological conditions, encompass a broad spectrum of issues that impact the body’s largest organ, the skin. Skin serves as a protective barrier, maintaining body temperature and contributing significantly to sensory perception. Nonetheless, it is vulnerable to a variety of disorders and illnesses, which can manifest in diverse ways, ranging from minor irritations to serious health problems. These conditions may arise due to genetic factors, environmental influences, infections, autoimmune reactions, or lifestyle choices. Examples of common skin disorders include acne, dermatitis (eczema), psoriasis, ringworm, athlete’s foot, among others. Meanwhile, certain conditions like skin cancer can pose life-threatening risks if not identified and treated promptly.

The successful management and treatment of these conditions frequently necessitate a collaborative approach involving a range of medical experts, including dermatologists, allergists, immunologists, and other health practitioners. Additionally, ongoing advancements in medical research and technology are enhancing our comprehension of skin disorders, resulting in improved diagnostic techniques and innovative therapies. Appreciating the diversity of skin disorders is crucial for preserving skin health, averting complications, and enhancing individuals’ overall well-being. Furthermore, we will delve into various aspects of skin disorders, including their causes, symptoms, treatment options, and preventive measures, all aimed at promoting skin health.

TYPES OF SKIN INFECTIONS:

Skin infections can vary greatly in symptoms, severity, and result from various causes, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Here’s a brief overview of some common types:

1. Ringworm (Tinea Corporis):
– Cause: Fungi called dermatophytes.
– Appearance: Red, itchy, ring-shaped rashes on the skin.
– Transmission: Can spread through direct contact with an infected person or animal or by sharing contaminated items like towels or combs.
– Treatment: Antifungal creams or oral medications prescribed by a healthcare professional.

2. Athlete’s Foot (Tinea Pedis):
– Cause: Fungi thrive in warm, moist environments.
– Symptoms: Itchy, peeling skin on the feet, especially between the toes.
– Transmission: Often spreads in locker rooms and public showers.
– Treatment: Antifungal creams or powders, and good foot hygiene.

3. Jock Itch (Tinea Cruris):
– Cause: Fungi that prefer the groin area.
– Symptoms: Itchy, red rash in the groin and inner thigh area.
– Transmission: Common in athletes and those in humid climates.
– Treatment: Antifungal creams or powders, and keeping the area dry.

4. Yeast Infections (Candidiasis):
– Cause: Candida yeast.
– Symptoms: Redness, itching, and sometimes white discharge, often in warm, moist areas like the genitals or mouth.
– Treatment: These fungal infections are typically not serious but can be uncomfortable and itchy. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications/creams, good hygiene, and keeping the affected area clean and dry.

5. Acne:
– cause: Excess sebum production(skin oil), clogged hair follicles, bacteria, hormonal changes, diet, genetics, certain medications (e.g corticosteroids), stress and environmental factors.
– Symptoms: Pimples(small, red, or white bumps on the skin), Blackheads(open clogged pores with dark centers), Whiteheads(closed clogged pores with white centers), Cysts(large, painful lumps under the skin), Inflammation, Scarring.

Treatment:
Acne treatment involves various approaches to manage and reduce the occurrence of acne.

– Cleansing: It’s important to wash your face regularly using a gentle cleanser to eliminate excess oil, dirt, and dead skin cells. Avoid using abrasive scrubs or washing too frequently, as they can cause skin irritation.
– Topical Treatments: Non-prescription products are available and may contain substances like benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs). These ingredients can assist in clearing clogged pores, reducing inflammation, and eliminating the bacteria responsible for acne.
– Oral Medications: In certain situations, healthcare professionals may recommend antibiotics such as doxycycline or tetracycline to reduce inflammation and bacterial growth.
– Chemical Peels: Health practitioners may recommend a visit to certified estheticians for facials like chemical peels to remove the outermost layer of skin, which can improve the appearance of acne scars and promote smoother skin.
– Lifestyle Adjustments: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through a balanced diet, regular physical activity, effective stress management, and sufficient sleep can have an impact on acne.
– Avoid Picking or Squeezing: It’s crucial to resist the temptation to pop pimples, as this can worsen inflammation and result in scarring.

Keep in mind that treating acne requires patience and consistency. What works for one person may not be effective for another, so it’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider for personalized care. Additionally, some treatments may have side effects, so discussing these with a healthcare professional is important.

6. Dermatitis:
Commonly known as eczema, is a chronic skin condition characterized by inflammation, itching, and sometimes the formation of red, scaly patches on the skin.

Types of dermatitis:
– Atopic Dermatitis: This is the most common form, often appearing in childhood and typically associated with a family history of allergies or asthma.

– Contact Dermatitis: Caused by skin contact with irritants (irritant contact dermatitis) or allergens (allergic contact dermatitis), such as certain soaps, cosmetics, or plants like poison ivy.

Symptoms:
– Intense itching is a hallmark of eczema.
– Redness and inflammation of the skin.
– Dry, scaly, or crusty patches.
– Skin may become thickened or leathery with chronic eczema.
– In severe cases, eczema can lead to open sores or oozing lesions due to scratching.

Causes/Triggers:
– Genetics play a role, as eczema tends to run in families.
– Environmental factors, like exposure to allergens or irritants.
– Dry skin can aggravate eczema.
– Stress and hormonal changes can trigger or worsen flare-ups.

Treatment/Management:
– Moisturizing regularly is essential to keep the skin hydrated.
– Topical corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory creams or ointments are often prescribed to reduce inflammation and itching.

Prevention:
– Keeping the skin well-moisturized.
– Identifying and avoiding triggers.
– Using mild, fragrance-free soaps and detergents.
– Managing stress, as stress can worsen symptoms.

It’s crucial to understand that eczema is a long-lasting condition without a known remedy, but its signs can be effectively controlled through appropriate skincare, medications, and lifestyle changes. If you or someone you’re familiar with is coping with eczema, seeking advice from a dermatologist or healthcare expert for a tailored treatment plan is recommended.

7. Psoriasis:
This is a long-lasting autoimmune skin condition that impacts millions of individuals across the globe. It arises when the immune system erroneously recognizes skin cells as foreign intruders, prompting an accelerated generation of skin cells. While skin cells typically renew every 3 to 4 weeks, in psoriasis, this renewal process can take as little as 3 to 7 days. This swift turnover of cells results in an accumulation of skin cells on the surface, giving rise to various symptoms like itching, burning, or discomfort in affected areas, as well as dry, cracked skin that may bleed, among other indications. The choice of treatment varies based on the severity and type of psoriasis.
They may include:

– Topical treatments: Creams, ointments, or shampoos containing corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs, or retinoids to reduce inflammation and scale.
– Oral or injected medications: For severe cases, drugs like methotrexate, cyclosporine, may be prescribed to suppress the immune system and reduce symptoms.
– Lifestyle changes: Managing stress, maintaining a healthy diet, and avoiding triggers like alcohol and smoking can help.
– Moisturizers: Using emollients can soothe dry skin and prevent flare-ups. Always consult a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

8. Chickenpox:
This is an infection that causes a skin rash. The disease is caused by a germ called varicella-zoster virus. (Chickenpox itself is also called varicella-zoster.) Most people will get the virus when they are young if they haven’t had a chickenpox vaccine.
A child with chickenpox can easily give the virus to other children. Chickenpox today is much less common because most children are vaccinated when they are young. Having chickenpox once usually provides lifelong immunity to the virus. However, the virus can reactivate later in life, causing a different condition called shingles.

Vaccination:
– The varicella vaccine is highly effective at preventing chickenpox. It’s usually given in two doses to children, and a two-dose regimen is recommended for adults who are not immune to the virus.
Treatment:
– It is mainly focused on relieving symptoms, such as itching and fever, with antihistamines and fever-reducing medications. It’s important to avoid scratching the rash to prevent infection.

SUMMARY:
Various types of skin infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites exhibit a wide range of characteristics that impact the skin. These infections differ in their origins, symptoms, and therapeutic approaches, underscoring the importance of seeking professional medical advice for precise diagnosis and suitable care. For instance, Pharmacists assume a pivotal role in addressing skin ailments, contributing significantly in multiple aspects. Moreover, they offer vital counsel and proficiency in managing skin conditions by overseeing medication, providing education, and offering patient assistance. Additionally, in cases demanding specialized treatment, pharmacists may refer individuals to dermatologists or other healthcare providers.

Reference:
Google scholar article(complicated infections of skin and skin structures)
Drugs.com
WebMD

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Can Vitamin C Really Help Prevent Colds and Flu?

 It’s such an oft-repeated thing it has become common knowledge: Vitamin C is what we need when we are coming down with a cold or flu. Many swear it helps them prevent winter ills; others say it eases and erases symptoms and helps them bounce back if they do get struck down. But what is the truth here? Is vitamin C the cold cure and immunity boost we may believe it to be?

Where did this idea come from?

The link between vitamin C and immunity is well established, in the sense that this is an essential vitamin that we need for the proper functioning of our immune system. Vitamin C plays a role in various processes in the body, including the production of white blood cells and antibodies. Having enough vitamin C in our bodies is important for our overall immune function, and our overall health.

This link was discovered way back before anyone had identified or named vitamins as vitamins, when it was found that sailors in the 18th century could recover quickly from scurvy when they ate citrus fruits, which we now know are high in vitamin C (it took until 1933 for the link to be fully understood).

We now know that this vitamin is crucial for collagen synthesis – it helps our skin heal and helps maintain bone, tendons and blood vessels – and it helps us absorb iron from the foods we eat. It is also an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by harmful free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and promoting overall cellular health.

The idea of supplementing with vitamin C probably came from the fact that it is not stored in the body; we need to get it regularly from what we eat and drink in order to keep our levels up. The ‘insurance policy’ thinking that applies to most vitamins comes into play here: if we’re not getting enough from our food, we reason, why not top up with a supplement?

Do vitamin C supplements help us with colds and flu?

We know vitamin C is good for immunity. It is less clear, however, that supplements help with prevention or symptoms of colds and flu. Despite nearly a century of research, the evidence remains pretty mixed.

Taking vitamin C regularly as a supplement does not seem to prevent colds or flu in most people. There is an exception: there have been some studies looking at people under extreme physical stress, such as marathon runners and soldiers in sub-arctic conditions, where it was found that if the participants started taking vitamin C two to three weeks before their strenuous activities, their risk of developing a cold was reduced by about half.

For those of us who are not sub-arctic soldiers or marathoners, the evidence in large reviews shows that taking vitamin C does not prevent a cold. However, taking it regularly before you get the cold could shorten the amount of time you will be sick by around 10 percent. So a cold that would have lasted 10 days will be over in nine.

It has also been found that people who always took vitamin C had slightly milder cold symptoms. This seems to be particularly the case for children.

That said, taking vitamin C after your cold symptoms appear probably will not do any good. The evidence shows this does not have any effect on how long you will be ill for.

What about liposomal vitamin C?

Liposomal or lipo-spheric vitamin C seems to be all the rage. It comes with big claims – and a price tag to match. It is a form of vitamin C encapsulated in liposomes (tiny fat-like particles).

pills and multivitamins on a black backgroundPhoto: 123RF
There have been some studies looking at the effectiveness of liposomal vitamin C that suggest it appears to be absorbed better by the body. Whether that translates into any cold and flu benefits is not clear.

Any downsides to taking it?

Taking any vitamin C supplements in very high doses (more than 2000 milligrams a day, which is considered the safe upper limit) can cause diarrhoea and other digestive issues. There is no such risk in the vitamin C you get from food.

The only other downside is really that it is not doing anything, and you are simply excreting any excess in the form of, as nutritionists like to put it, expensive urine.

If not vitamin C… what can I take?

There is no magical thing that will protect us from viral illness (which hopefully we all know by now). But health experts stress that looking after ourselves as well as possible will help our immune system to stay in top shape, so that when we do get hit with a virus, we can handle it OK.

Nutritionist Nikki Hart is of this view, and cautions against singling out one vitamin as the solution.

“Vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients – they all work to repel oxidative damage”, she explains.

“So you can’t just label vitamin C as protective.
She stresses that the best way to get our vitamins – including vitamin C – is through food. Citrus fruit and other colourful fruits and vegetables are all useful here, and getting lots of those on our plates means we will easily hit the recommended daily intakes. Hart said food is best not only because it offers a highly bioavailable form of vitamin C, but we also get other goodies, too, like fibre and other vitamins.

No captionPhoto: Douglas Johns
She also said we need to remember all the things that boost immunity (and many other things too): physical activity, enough sleep, minimising alcohol and not smoking.

“The immune system is bigger than just vitamins and minerals.”

Lastly, there is one old bit of wisdom that might be true: one study found chicken soup is not only comforting, but it might have anti-inflammatory properties that lessen cold symptoms.

In other words, spending the supplement money on fresh produce might be a better, and more enjoyable, way of avoiding or treating a cold.

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Shingles

Things you need to know about Shingles

Shingles is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is the same virus that causes chickenpox. Even after the chickenpox infection is over, the virus remains dormant in your nervous system for years before reactivating as shingles.

Symptoms of shingles
The first symptoms of shingles are usually pain and burning. The pain is typically on one side of your body, and along a certain area of the skin called a dermatome. A red rash often follows. However, the rash does not always appear red. Depending on skin tone, the rash can appear dark pink, dark brown, or purplish.
Some people with shingles experience symptoms beyond pain and rash. These symptoms may include:

1 fever
2 chills
3 headache
4 fatigue
5 muscle weakness

Stages of shingles
Most shingles cases last from 3 to 5 weeks. After the varicella-zoster virus initially reactivates, your skin may:

… tingle
… burn
… feel numb
… itch
Shingles usually develops on one side of your body, often on your waist, back, or chest.

Within about 5 days, you may see a red rash in that area. Small groups of oozing, fluid-filled blisters may appear a few days later in the same area. You may experience flu-like symptoms such as a fever, headache, or fatigue.

During the next 10 days or so, the blisters will dry up and form scabs. The scabs will clear after a couple of weeks. After the scabs clear, some people continue to experience pain. This is called postherpetic neuralgia.

Shingles causes
Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox. If you’ve already had chickenpox, you can develop shingles when this virus reactivates in your body.

Is shingles contagious?
Shingles is not contagious. But the varicella-zoster virus that causes it can be spread to another person who hasn’t had chickenpox, and they could develop chickenpox.

Shingles treatment
There’s no cure for shingles, but treating it as soon as possible can help prevent complications and speed up your recovery. Ideally, you should receive treatment within 72 hours of developing symptoms. Your Pharmacist may prescribe medications to ease symptoms and shorten the length of the infection.

Fortunately, you can take proactive steps to prevent attacks in children and seniors.

At TROOP PHARMACY, your health is our concern. We stand in the gap to help you live healthy and achieve a better health! You can reach us for any health concerns and more.

 

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Pneumonia

What is Pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid (purulent material), causing a cough with phlegm (a slimy substance from deep in your lungs) or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.

What causes Pneumonia?

Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections can cause pneumonia.

Bacteria are the most common causes. Bacterial pneumonia can occur on its own and can also develop after you’ve had certain viral infections, such as a cold or the flu.

Viruses that infect the respiratory tract may cause pneumonia.
Viral pneumonia is often mild and goes away on its own within a few weeks. Sometimes it is serious enough that you need to get treatment in a hospital. If you have viral pneumonia, you are at risk of also getting bacterial pneumonia.

Fungal pneumonia is more common in people who have chronic health problems or weakened immune systems.

Symptoms of Pneumonia

The symptoms can vary for different groups. These include:
Fever
Chills
Cough, usually with phlegm
Shortness of breath
Chest pain when you breathe or cough
Nausea and/or vomiting
Diarrhea

Pneumonia complications

Sometimes pneumonia can cause serious complications, such as:
Bacteremia: Bacteria move into the bloodstream, it can lead to septic shock.

Lung abscesses: Collections of pus in the cavities of the lungs.

Pleural disorders: These are conditions that affect the pleura, the tissue that covers the outside of the lungs and lines the inside of your chest cavity.

Kidney failure

Respiratory failure

Who is at risk of Pneumonia?

Anyone can get pneumonia, but certain factors can increase your risk:

– Children aged 2 and under, as well as adults aged 65 and up
– Exposure to certain chemicals, pollutants, or toxic fumes.
– Smoking, heavy alcohol use, and malnourishment,
– Having a lung disease
– A weakened immune system
– Coughing or swallowing difficulties as a result of a stroke or another condition.

Treatments for Pneumonia

Treatment for pneumonia depends on the type of pneumonia, which germ is causing it, and how severe it is:
– Antibiotics treat bacterial pneumonia and some types of fungal pneumonia.

– Antiviral medicines for viral pneumonia

– Antifungal medicines treat other types of fungal pneumonia

– Quit Smoking

Smoking irritates your lungs and interferes with the normal defenses that protect you against infection. If you quit smoking, your lungs will gradually heal themselves. Your doctor can recommend programs or nicotine replacement systems that can help you successfully quit.

– Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamin C should be part of your daily diet. It is found in fruit (strawberries, papaya, and kiwi) and vegetables (peppers, broccoli, and peas). Women should get 75 mg of vitamin C per day, and men should get 90 mg. If you do not consume enough vitamin C in your diet, you may want to talk to your doctor about taking a supplement. Research studies suggest that vitamin C may prevent and treat pneumonia.

Zinc is an essential mineral that is found in almost every cell of the body. It is necessary for proper growth and immune function. If someone is deficient in this mineral, taking a daily zinc supplement may help to reduce the risk of developing pneumonia. Researchers have found that this is especially true for children who live in developing countries. If you want to take zinc or give it to your child, talk to the doctor first to find out if this is a good choice.

Use Precautions to Avoid Infections

Here are some basic steps to help you avoid infection and keep your lungs healthy:

  • Wash your hands frequently.
  • Avoid being near people who are ill.
  • Avoid exposure to toxic or damaging fumes. Exposure to gases, chemicals, air pollution, and secondhand smoke can irritate your lungs and make them more vulnerable to infection.
  • Eat a healthful diet. Maintaining good nutrition helps keep your immune system strong.
  • Exercise regularly. Exercise can help keep your immune system functioning optimally.
  • Do not use (IV) drugs. Using illegal drugs can increase your risk of getting pneumonia, as well as other infectious diseases.

Get Vaccinated

Vaccines can be particularly helpful at protecting you against developing pneumonia:

  • Influenza vaccine
  • Pneumococcal vaccine
  • Haemophilus influenzae vaccine

Influenza vaccine protects you against the types of influenza that are predicted to be in your community during cold season. You should get the flu shot yearly because having influenza puts you at a high risk of developing pneumonia.

Children should receive a series of pneumonia vaccines to prevent specific bacterial infections that cause pneumonia. A different pneumococcal vaccine should be given to adults 65 years and older and to people at risk of pneumonia.

Haemophilus vaccine is given to protect against a specific bacteria that can cause pneumonia or meningitis. This vaccine is given to children who are younger than 5 years old. It is often given to infants starting at 2 months of age.

 

Written by: Oreoluwa Hassan

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Whooping Cough

What Is Whooping Cough?
Whooping cough (also known as pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection.
Whooping Cough Symptoms
At first, whooping cough has the same symptoms as the average cold:
• Mild coughing
• Sneezing
• Runny nose
• Low fever (below 102 F)
You may also have diarrhea early on.
After about 7-10 days, the cough turns into “coughing spells” that end with a whooping sound as the person tries to breathe in air.
Because the cough is dry and doesn’t produce mucus, these spells can last up to 1 minute. Sometimes it can cause your face to briefly turn red or purple.
Most people with whooping cough have coughing spells, but not everyone does.
Infants may not make the whooping sound or even cough, but they might gasp for air or try to catch their breath during these spells. Some may vomit.
Sometimes adults with the condition just have a cough that won’t go away.
Causes
Whooping cough is caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, tiny germ-laden droplets are sprayed into the air and breathed into the lungs of anyone who happens to be nearby.
When the bacteria get into your airways, they attach to the tiny hairs in the linings of the lungs. The bacteria cause swelling and inflammation, which lead to a dry, long-lasting cough and other cold-like symptoms.
Whooping Cough complications
Whooping cough is dangerous in babies, especially ones younger than 6 months old, because it can keep them from getting the oxygen they need. This can cause:
• Brain damage or bleeding on the brain
• Pneumonia
• Seizures
• Apnea
• Convulsions
In teens and adults, whooping cough can lead to pneumonia. The severe coughing can also cause:
• Abdominal hernias
• Broken blood vessels
• Bruised ribs
• Trouble controlling when you pee
• Trouble sleeping.
Whooping Cough Diagnosis
Because symptoms of whooping cough are a lot like those caused by a cold, the flu, or bronchitis, it can be hard to diagnose it early on. Your doctor may be able to tell that you have it by the sound of your cough, but tests can confirm it.
?Nose or throat culture. A simple swab of the area where your nose and throat meet can be tested for the bacteria that causes whooping cough.
?Blood test. A high white blood cell count is a sign that your body is fighting off an infection, but it doesn’t necessarily mean it’s whooping cough.
?Chest X-ray. This can show if you have inflammation.
Treatment and Home Remedies
If you find out you have whooping cough early on, antibiotics can help cut down coughing and other symptoms.
They can also help prevent the infection from spreading to others. But most people are diagnosed too late for antibiotics to work well.
Don’t use over-the-counter cough medicines, cough suppressants, or expectorants (medicines that make you cough up mucus) to treat whooping cough. They don’t work.
You can do a few things to feel better and recover faster:
?Get lots of rest. This can give your body more strength to fight the illness.
?Eat small meals as often as you feel up to it.
?Clean air. Keeping the air around you free of dust, smoke, and other irritants can help soothe coughing.
?Drink fluids. Stay hydrated by drinking lots of water or juice.
Whooping Cough Prevention
The DTP vaccine can help protect children from whooping cough. Infants should get a dose every other month for the first 6 months, another between 15 and 18 months, then one last time between ages 4 and 6.
Older children and adults need the DTP vaccine and a booster every 10 years because the vaccine can weaken over time. The best age for kids to get it is between 11 and 12. Adults who’ve never had the vaccine can get it any time.
Pregnant women should get a booster to help protect their newborn.
Another important key to prevention is to protect the people around you. If someone in your household has whooping cough, make sure they cover their mouth or cough into their elbow to keep from spreading the bacteria. Wash hands often, and consider having them wear a mask when they’re near others
In conclusion, whooping cough spreads easily, but vaccines like DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis)  can help prevent it in children and adults.
Help protect your child by making sure they and any adult who’s around them often get vaccinated.
With treatment, you should slowly start to feel better after about 4 weeks.
Written by: Chinonye Machie
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Sore Throat

A sore throat is a painful, dry, or scratchy feeling in the throat.
Most sore throats are caused by infections, or by environmental factors like dry air. Although a sore throat can be uncomfortable, it’ll usually go away on its own.
TYPES OF SORE THROAT 
Sore throats are divided into types, based on the part of the throat they affect:
– Pharyngitis affects the area right behind the mouth.
– Tonsillitis is swelling and redness of the tonsils, the soft tissue in the back of the mouth.
– Laryngitis is swelling and redness of the voice box, or larynx.
CAUSES OF SORE THROAT 
– Viral infection
– Colds
– Influenza (flu)
– Mumps
– Chickenpox
?Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Acid reflux happens when stomach acid travels up into the esophagus, irritating its lining.
This irritation can lead to a sore throat, a dry cough, and wheezing. It can also cause heartburn, a bitter taste in the mouth, regurgitation, indigestion, and difficulty swallowing.
?Smoke, chemicals, and other irritants
Outdoor air pollution and indoor pollution such as tobacco smoke or chemicals can cause a chronic sore throat. Chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol and eating spicy foods also can irritate your throat.
?Dry air
Dry indoor air can make your throat feel rough and scratchy. Breathing through your mouth often because of chronic nasal congestion also can cause a dry, sore throat.
?Allergies
Allergies to pet dander, molds, dust and pollen can cause a sore throat. The problem may be complicated by postnasal drip, which can irritate and inflame the throat.
?Bacterial infections (Streptococcus bacteria)
SYMPTOMS OF SORE THROAT 
The symptoms of a sore throat can vary depending on what caused it. A sore throat can feel:
?scratchy
?burning
?raw
?dry
?tender
?irritated
HOME REMEDIES FOR SORE THROAT 
?Gargle with salt water
Gargling with warm salt water can help soothe a scratchy throat. The salt pulls the mucus out of your swollen, inflamed tissue and helps relieve the discomfort.
? Try OTC pain relief
Viruses cause most sore throats. Viruses can’t be treated with antibiotics, which only kill bacteria. Instead, the virus has to run its course in your body.
OTC nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen can reduce inflammation and swelling in your throat. They can also relieve soreness or scratchiness.
?Enjoy a drop of honey
Warm tea (green tea)
that is sweetened with honey can help soothe your irritated throat. Tea also keeps you hydrated, which is another important step in treating a sore throat. Brew up a cup next time a sore throat starts to tickle.
?Stay hydrated
Staying hydrated is an important part of treating a sore throat. When you’re dehydrated, your body can’t produce enough saliva and mucus to keep your throat naturally lubricated. This will make the swelling and inflammation worse.
WHAT TO AVOID WITH A SORE THROAT
While all of these remedies have been shown to ease sore throat pain, there are some items you may want to avoid.
If you have a sore throat, try avoiding any foods that may be difficult to swallow. We suggest sticking to soups and soft foods until the sore throat pain has resolved.
Written by: Josephine Wuraola 
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Sore Throat

A sore throat is a painful, dry, or scratchy feeling in the throat. Pain in the throat is one of the most common symptoms. Most sore throats are caused by infections, or by environmental factors like dry air. Although a sore throat can be uncomfortable, it’ll usually go away on its own.
Sore throats are divided into types, based on the part of the throat they affect:
?️ Pharyngitis affects the area right behind the mouth.
?️ Tonsillitis is swelling and redness of the tonsils, the soft tissue in the back of the mouth.
?️ Laryngitis is swelling and redness of the voice box, or larynx.
Sore throat symptoms
The symptoms of a sore throat can vary depending on what caused it. A sore throat can feel:
?scratchy
?burning
?raw
?dry
?tender
?irritated
It may hurt more when you swallow or talk. Your throat or tonsils might also look red. Sometimes, white patches or areas of pus will form on the tonsils. These white patches are more common in strep throat than in a sore throat caused by a virus.
Most sore throats are caused by infections, or by environmental factors like dry air. Although a sore throat can be uncomfortable,
Sometimes, white patches or areas of pus will form on the tonsils.
Along with the sore throat, you can have symptoms like:
?nasal congestion
?runny nose
?sneezing
?cough
?fever
?chills
?swollen glands in the neck
?hoarse voice
?body aches
?headache
?trouble swallowing
?appetite loss
Causes of sore throats range from infections to injuries. Here are eight of the most common sore throat causes.
1. Colds, the flu, and other viral infections
Viruses cause about 90 percent of sore throats. Among the viruses that cause sore throats are: the common cold, influenza — the flu, mononucleosis – an infectious disease that’s transmitted through saliva, measles – an illness that causes a rash and fever, chickenpox – an infection that causes a fever and an itchy, bumpy rash, mumps – an infection that causes swelling of the salivary glands in the neck.
2. Strep throat and other bacterial infections
Bacterial infections can also cause sore throats. The most common one is strep throat, an infection of the throat and tonsils caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria.
Strep throat causes nearly 40 percent of sore throat cases in children. Tonsillitis, and sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea and chlamydia can also cause a sore throat.
3. Allergies
When the immune system reacts to allergy triggers like pollen, grass, and pet dander, it releases chemicals that cause symptoms like nasal congestion, watery eyes, sneezing, and throat irritation. Excess mucus in the nose can drip down the back of the throat. This is called postnasal drip and can irritate the throat.
4. Dry air
Dry air can suck moisture from the mouth and throat, and leave them feeling dry and scratchy. The air is most likely dry in the winter months when the heater is running.
5. Smoke, chemicals, and other irritants
Many different chemicals and other substances in the environment irritate the throat, including: cigarette and other tobacco smoke, air pollution, cleaning products and other chemicals.
6. Injury
Any injury, such as a hit or cut to the neck, can cause pain in the throat. Getting a piece of food stuck in your throat can also irritate it.
Repeated use strains the vocal cords and muscles in the throat. You can get a sore throat after yelling, talking loudly, or singing for a long period of time. Sore throats are a common complaint among fitness instructors and teachers, who often have to yell.
7. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which acid from the stomach backs up into the esophagus — the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach.
The acid burns the esophagus and throat, causing symptoms like heartburn and acid reflux — the regurgitation of acid into your throat.
8. Tumor
A tumor of the throat, voice box, or tongue is a less common cause of a sore throat. When a sore throat is a sign of cancer, it doesn’t go away after a few days.
Home remedies for a sore throat
You can treat most sore throats at home. Get plenty of rest to give your immune system a chance to fight the infection.
To relieve the pain of a sore throat:
– Gargle with a mixture of warm water and 1/2 to 1 teaspoon of salt.
– Drink warm liquids that feel soothing to the throat, such as hot tea with honey, soup broth, or warm water with lemon. Herbal teas are especially soothing to a sore throat.
– Cool your throat by eating a cold treat like a popsicle or ice cream.
– Suck on a piece of hard candy or a lozenge.
– Turn on a cool mist humidifier to add moisture to the air.
– Rest your voice until your throat feels better..
Medicines
You can take medicines to relieve the pain of a sore throat, or to treat the underlying cause.
A. Over-the-counter medications that relieve throat pain include:
– acetaminophen
– ibuprofen
– aspirin
Don’t give aspirin to children and teenagers, as it’s been linked to a rare but serious condition called Reye’s syndrome.
B. You can also use one or more of these treatments, which work directly on the pain of a sore throat:
– a sore throat spray that contains a numbing antiseptic like phenol, or a cooling ingredient like menthol or eucalyptus
– throat lozenges
– cough syrup
C. Medications that reduce stomach acid can help with a sore throat caused by GERD. These include:
1. Antacids such as Tums, Rolaids, Maalox, and Mylanta to neutralize stomach acid.
2. H2 blockers such as cimetidine, and famotidine to reduce stomach acid production.
3. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as lansoprazole and omeprazole to block acid production.
D. Low-dose corticosteroids can also help with the pain of a sore throat, without causing any serious side effects.
E. When you need antibiotics
Antibiotics treat infections caused by bacteria, like strep throat. They won’t treat viral infections.
You need to treat a strep throat with antibiotics to prevent more serious complications like pneumonia, bronchitis, and rheumatic fever. Antibiotics can reduce sore throat pain by about one day, and lower the risk of rheumatic fever by more than two-thirds



Written by: Ebere Chienjine
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Allergy

An “allergic reaction” is the way your body responds to the allergen. A chain of events occur that result in an allergic reaction.
If you are prone to allergies, the first time you’re exposed to a specific allergen (such as pollen), your body responds by producing allergic (IgE) antibodies. The job of these antibodies is to find the allergens and help remove them from your system. As a result, a chemical called histamine is released and causes symptoms of allergies.
You can be allergic to a wide variety of substances – including pollen, animal dander, mold and dust mites.
Pollen
Seasonal allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is an allergic response to pollen. It causes inflammation and swelling of the lining of your nose and of the protective tissue of your eyes (conjunctiva).
Symptoms include sneezing, congestion (feeling stuffy), and itchy, watery eyes, nose and mouth. Treatment options include over-the-counter and prescription oral antihistamines, anti-leukotrienes, nasal steroids, nasal antihistamines, and nasal cromolyn. In some people, allergic asthma symptoms (wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, and/ or chest tightness) can be caused by exposure to pollen.
Your symptoms can be reduced by avoiding pollen. Stay indoors when pollen counts are high, close your windows, and use air conditioning. Ask your healthcare provider about immunotherapy (“allergy shots”) to treat pollen allergy.
Dust mites
Dust mites are tiny organisms that live in dust and in the fibers of household objects, such as pillows, mattresses, carpet, and upholstery. Dust mites grow in warm, humid areas.
The symptoms of dust mite allergy are similar to those of pollen allergy. To help manage dust mite allergies, try using dust mite encasements (airtight plastic/polyurethane covers) over pillows, mattresses, and box springs. Also, remove carpet, or vacuum frequently with a high-efficiency filter vacuum cleaner. Treatment may include medications to control your nasal/eye and chest symptoms. Immunotherapy may be recommended if your symptoms are not adequately controlled with avoidance methods and medications.
Molds
Molds are tiny fungi (like Penicillium) with spores that float in the air like pollen. Mold is a common trigger for allergies. Mold can be found indoors in damp areas, such as the basement, kitchen, or bathroom, as well as outdoors in grass, leaf piles, hay, mulch or under mushrooms. Mold spores reach a peak during hot, humid weather.
Treatment may include medications to control your nasal/eye and chest symptoms. Immunotherapy may be recommended if your symptoms are not adequately controlled with avoidance and medications.
Animal dander
Allergic reactions can be caused by the proteins secreted by sweat glands in an animal’s skin, which are shed in dander, and by the proteins in an animal’s saliva. Avoidance measures don’t work as well as simply removing the pet from your home. However, because many people are reluctant to do this, second-best measures include keeping your pet out of your bedroom, using air cleaners with HEPA filtration and washing your pet (cat or dog) frequently.
Treatment may include medications to control your nasal/eye and chest symptoms. Immunotherapy may be recommended if your symptoms are not adequately controlled with avoidance methods and medications.
Latex
Some people develop a latex allergy after repeated contact with latex. Rubber gloves, such as those used in surgery or home cleaning, are a major source for causing this type of reaction. Skin rash, hives, eye tearing and irritation, wheezing and itching of the skin may occur if you have a latex allergy.
Allergic reactions to latex can be mild, such as skin redness and itching. More severe reactions can occur if your mucosal membranes are exposed, such as during an operation or a dental or gynecologic exam.
Treatment of latex reactions begins by removing the offending latex product. If you have latex allergy, it is important for you to wear a Medic Alert® bracelet and carry an emergency epinephrine kit. All procedures should be carried out in a “latex-safe” fashion. There is no cure for latex allergy, so the best treatment for this condition is prevention and avoidance.
Certain foods
Food allergies develop when your body develops a specific antibody to a specific food. An allergic reaction occurs within minutes of eating the food, and symptoms can be severe. In adults, the most common food allergies are shellfish, peanuts and tree nuts. In children, they include milk, egg, soy, wheat, shellfish, peanuts and tree nuts.
If you have a food allergy, your symptoms include itching, hives, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, breathing difficulties and swelling around your mouth.
It is extremely important to avoid the foods that cause allergy symptoms. If you (or your child) have a food allergy, your doctor may prescribe injectable epinephrine (adrenaline) for you to carry at all times. This is needed in case you accidentally eat foods that cause allergies. There are new therapies for peanut allergies called oral immunotherapy.
Insect venom (stings)
If you get a bee sting, a normal symptom includes pain, swelling and redness around the sting site. A large, local reaction includes swelling that extends beyond the sting site. For example, if you are stung on the ankle, you may see swelling in your leg.
The most serious reaction to an insect sting is an allergic one, which needs immediate medical attention. Symptoms of an allergic reaction to an insect sting include:
– Difficulty breathing.
– Generalized (widespread) hives that appear as a red, itchy rash that spreads to areas other than the area that was stung.
– Swelling of your face, throat or mouth tissue.
– Wheezing or difficulty swallowing.
– Restlessness and anxiety.
– Rapid pulse.
– Dizziness or a sharp drop in your blood pressure.
If you have a reaction like this, a re-sting can cause a serious reaction that can be life-threatening.
An allergic reaction is treated with epinephrine (adrenaline). If you’ve had an allergic reaction to bee stings, see a board-certified allergy/immunologist to get a skin and/or blood test to confirm your allergy to bee venom. Venom immunotherapy is  recommended if venom allergy is confirmed. This will help reduce the possibility that a re-sting will cause a serious reaction.
Symptoms of allergy
Allergy symptoms are classified as mild, moderate or severe:
Mild reactions include local symptoms (affecting a specific area of your body) such as a rash or hives, itchiness, watery/red eyes, hay fever and runny nose. Mild reactions do not spread to other parts of your body.
Moderate reactions include symptoms that spread to other parts of your body. Symptoms may include itchiness, hives, and/or swelling and trouble breathing.
A severe allergic reaction, known as anaphylaxis, is a rare, life-threatening emergency in which your body’s response to the allergen is sudden and affects the whole body. Anaphylaxis may begin with severe itching of your eyes or face. Within minutes, more serious symptoms appear, including throat swelling (which could cause problems with swallowing and breathing), abdominal pain, cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, hives and swelling (angioedema). You may also have mental confusion or dizziness, since anaphylaxis may cause a drop in blood pressure.
Natural ways of treating Allergies 
Honey
Although there’s no scientific evidence to prove it, a popular theory suggests eating locally produced honey. According to the theory, you will lower your allergic reaction over time to the pollen that the bees collect in your area to make their honey.
Vitamin C
Practitioners of natural medication suggest taking 2,000 milligrams of vitamin C daily to reduce histamine levels.
Peppermint essential oil
A 1998 study showed that peppermint oil treatment had enough anti-inflammatory effects that reduced the symptoms of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis to warrant clinical trials. Essential oils can be diffused into the air but should be diluted in a carrier oil if applied topically.
Eucalyptus essential oil
Advocates of natural healing suggest using eucalyptus oil as an antimicrobial agent by adding it to each load of wash during allergy season.
Frankincense essential oil
Based on the results of a 2016 study, frankincense oil may help against perennial allergic rhinitis. You can dilute it in a carrier oil and use behind your ears or use inhalation by diffusing it into the air.
Written by: Samuel Sobiye
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Asthma

This is a respiratory disease characterized by difficulty in breathing with wheezing. It is due to bronchiolar constriction caused by spastic contraction of the smooth muscle in bronchioles leading to obstruction of air passage. The obstruction is further exaggerated by edema of the mucous membrane and accumulation of mucus in the lumen of bronchioles.
Asthma is a paroxysmal (sudden) disorder because the attack commences and ends abruptly. During the attack the difficulty is felt both during inspiration and expiration. Bronchioles have inherent tendency to dilate during inspiration and construct during expiration. So more difficulty is experienced during expiration.

So air in the lungs are pushed through the constricted bronchioles producing a whistling sound. Because of difficulty during expiration, the lungs are not deflated completely so that the residual volume and functional residual capacity are increased .

Symptoms

– Wheezing
– Cough

Causes

?Inflammation of air passage : the leukotriens releases from eosinophils and mast call during inflammation caused bronchospasm.

?Hypersensitivity of efferent glossopharyngeal and vagal ending in larynx and afferent trigeminal endings in nose: hypersensitivity of these nerves endings is produced by some allergic substances like foreign proteins.

?Pulmonary edema and congestion of the lungs caused by left ventricular failure: the asthma developed due to this condition called cardiac asthma.

Ways to help relieve asthma

1. Dietary changes
Although there’s no specific diet for people with severe asthma, there are a few steps you can take that may help with your symptoms.Being overweight can often worsen severe asthma. It’s important to maintain a healthy and balanced diet, which includes plenty of fruits and vegetables. These are good sources of antioxidants like beta-carotene and vitamins C and E, and they may help to reduce inflammation around your airways.

If you experience a flare-up in asthma symptoms after eating certain foods, try to avoid eating them. It’s possible that you have a food allergy that’s causing your symptoms to worsen. Talk to your doctor to confirm this.

2. Papworth method
The Papworth method is a breathing and relaxation technique that has been used since the 1960s to help people with asthma. It involves using your nose and diaphragm to develop breathing patterns. You can then apply these breathing patterns to various activities that may cause your asthma to flare-up.

A training course is usually recommended before adopting the exercises as part of your daily routine.

3. Garlic
Garlic has several health benefits, including anti-inflammatory properties. Asthma being an inflammatory disease, garlic may be able to help relieve your symptoms.

4. Ginger
Ginger is another herb that contains anti-inflammatory properties and may help with severe asthma. A 2013 study showed that oral ginger supplements were linked to an improvement in asthma symptoms.

5. Honey
Honey is frequently used in cold remedies to help soothe the throat and reduce coughing. You can mix honey with a hot beverage like herbal tea to provide relief for your symptoms.

6. Omega-3 oils
Omega-3 oils, which can be found in fish and flax seeds, have been shown to have many health benefits. They may also work to decrease airway inflammation and improve lung function in people with severe asthma.High doses of oral steroids, though, can block the beneficial effects of omega-3 oils. It’s a good idea to check with your doctor before upping your intake of omega-3.

7. Caffeine
Caffeine is a bronchodilator and can reduce respiratory muscle fatigue. It may be able to improve the function of airways for up to four hours after consumption.

8. Yoga
Yoga incorporates stretching and breathing exercises to help boost flexibility and increase your overall fitness. For many people, practicing yoga can decrease stress, which may trigger your asthma.
The breathing techniques utilized in yoga may also help to reduce the frequency of asthma attacks.

9) Bronchodilators

In conclusion, some of these natural remedies may be able to help reduce asthma symptoms. But you should still adhere to the medications your doctor prescribes.

Written by: Samuel Sobiye
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What you did not know about Bee Propolis!

What is Propolis?

Did you know that honey isn’t the only thing that bees make? Bees also produce a compound called propolis from the sap on needle-leaved trees or evergreens. When they combine the sap with their own discharges and beeswax, they create a sticky, greenish-brown product used as a coating to build their hives. This is propolis.

Healing compounds in propolis

Researchers have identified more than 300 compounds in propolis. The majority of these compounds are forms of polyphenols. Polyphenols are antioxidants that fight disease and damage in the body.

Specifically, propolis contains the polyphenols called flavonoids. Flavonoids are produced in plants as a form of protection. They’re commonly found in foods thought to have antioxidant properties, including:

  • fruits
  • green tea
  • vegetables
  • red wine

Medicinal properties

One 2019 review suggests that people have used propolis as a medicine since the year 300 BC. Ancient Egyptians used propolis for embalming, and some doctors used it during World War II to help with wound healing.

The same 2019 review suggests that it may have the following properties:

  • antibacterial
  • antifungal
  • antiviral
  • antiprotozoal, which means that it works against parasitic illnesses, such as giardiasis
  • anti-inflammatory
  • antioxidant

Some of the substances present in propolis may also have anticancer properties.

However, although laboratory and animal studies into the properties of propolis and its components are promising, few high quality studies have proven its effectiveness as a treatment for specific conditions in humans.

Potential uses

Modern research suggests that propolis may be useful for:

  • minor wounds
  • oral hygiene
  • inflammation
  • cold sores

The following sections will look at some of this research in more detail.

Wound healing

One 2015 review suggests that propolis may aid wound healing. An animal study in rats with diabetes showed that propolis helped the skin grow new cells in order to repair itself.

Because people with diabetes can experience slow wound healing, this suggests that propolis could be beneficial for helping the skin heal more quickly. As propolis also kills some types of bacteria, it may also help prevent infection.

Oral health

According to the same 2015 review, propolis also appears to prevent the formation of calcium phosphate, which is the main component of dental plaque.

Propolis and honey are also antibacterial, which may make them useful as ingredients in dental care products.

According to one small study in the review, propolis significantly decreased the amount of bacteria in the saliva of people with periodontitis.

Inflammation

The antioxidants in propolis may work to reduce inflammation, such as the inflammation that arthritis causes.

Animal studies have tested propolis as an anti-inflammatory agent in rats and mice with arthritis. In both studies, the propolis inhibited swelling and appeared to have an impact on how the inflammation developed.

Scientists believe that propolis may regulate inflammatory substances in the body, such as prostaglandins.

Herpes

A systematic review in the journal Complementary Therapies in Medicine suggests that propolis may work as an alternative treatment for genital or oral herpes.

Herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV-1 typically causes oral herpes, which can result in cold sores. HSV-2 is sexually transmitted, and it causes an infection that can result in painful blisters on the genitals.

In the review, researchers analyzed several trials into honey and propolis, comparing their effects with those of acyclovir, which is a common HSV medication. In 4 out of 6 trials, propolis was more effective than acyclovir for treating HSV skin lesions — particularly cold sores.

However, the researchers did not include a large number of trials in this review.

Insufficient evidence

Although people have used propolis for many health conditions in the past, there is not strong scientific evidence to support all of them.

The following sections will look at some of these health conditions in more detail.

Diabetes

According to the 2015 review, one older study in rats found that propolis was associated with lower blood sugar levels. However, this is not enough evidence to show that propolis can help with managing diabetes in humans.

Cancer

Laboratory studies suggest that the compounds in propolis may inhibit cancer cell growth or induce cell death in cancer cells.

Some in vivo tests have shown that flavonoids from propolis can inhibit the development of oral cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, and more.

However, much of the research in this field has involved isolated cells or animal models.

COVID-19

One 2020 study in the journal Phytotherapy Research argues that propolis’s antiviral properties may mean that it works against SARS-CoV-2. This is the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.

Previous laboratory studies have shown that propolis exhibits antiviral activity against other types of virus, including:

  • rhinoviruses
  • influenza (flu)
  • respiratory syncytial virus

Propolis also appears to help stimulate the immune system. For these reasons, the researchers suggest that propolis may help with preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection.

However, while clinical trials on propolis’s ability to prevent COVID-19 are underway, there is currently no evidence to suggest that it is effective for this purpose.

Allergies

One study in the journal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity notes that propolis contains compounds that may have an anti-allergy effect in the body.

Some people may feel a benefit from using propolis for this purpose. However, there is not much scientific evidence to prove that propolis can help reduce allergy symptoms.

 

Reference: Healthline, Medical News Today

Written by: Omojo Emeje

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